Top 10 things to know about Rome! 1. Important Roman Rulers
2. The life and teachings of Jesus 3. Persecution of Christians
4. Important followers of Jesus (apostles) 5. Republic 7. Pax Romana 8. Diaspora
9. Decline of the Roman Republic
10. Roman Achievements
FOR MORE IN DEPTH ON THE TOP TEN LIST SCROLL DOWN ~JK&PR & DP
Vocabulary words for Rome... 1)Republic- a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by the people
2)Patrician- wealthy aristocrat (could vote)-upper class, Ancient Rome
3)Plebeian- common farmer, middle class, Rome
4)Tribune- Roma official by plebeians to protect rights
5)Consul- 2 elected to lead army, powerful government leader
6)Senate- government body, aristocrats
7)Dictator- absolute power for limited time
8)Legion- military unit of 5,000 foot soldiers and horses
9)Triumvirate- 3 leaders that control the government 10)Absolute Ruler- ruler with total power
11)Constantine- leader who helped spread Christianity after having the vision of Jesus
12)Heresy- different beliefs than the official Christian church
13)Pax Romana- 27 B.C.E. to 100 AD time of Roman peace and prosperity
14)Gravitas- Roman values of discipline, strength, and loyalty
15)Inflation- a time when prices go up and money value goes down
16)Mercenary- soldier paid to fight in a foreign army
17)Gladiators- slave that become a professional fighter that had to fight until death (Roman entertainment)
18)The Huns- helped bring end to the empire
19)Aqueducts- carried water into cities by channel
20)Jesus- leader of Christianity
21)Apostle- follower of Jesus; spread teachings
22)Peter- first apostle; starts church, first Pope (wrote Epistles of Peter)
23)Paul- disliked Christianity at first;converted then spread teachings later
24)Bishop- head of each individual church
25)Pope- head/father of church (leads Christian church) ~JK&PR & DP
Important Concepts Republic:A form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote, to select their leaders. In Rome, patricians were the aristocratic land owners who held most of the power while plebeians were the common farmers, artisans, and merchants which made up the majority of the population. Patricians, being noble, were born into power and thus were able to make laws for Rome and its people. Due to this issue the senate allowed for the plebeians to elect representatives called tribunes so that their opinions could be heard too. Thus both patricians and plebeians could be heard. Life in Imperial Rome:
Gravitas- Roman values (things to live by) of discipline strength and loyalty
Heart of society- family
Paterfamilias (father): rule household- control property and banish family member
Roman women: upper class women an household/ had authority, more personal freedom than women in Greece, could own property and testify in court but not vote, lower class women worked jobs
Romans favored boys of girls
Slaves: important to economy, property of owners, gladiators
Gods and Goddesses: numina (divine forces and powerful spirits), Lares (guardian of spirits of each family), took Greek gods and gave them roman names, government and religion are linked, expected to honor them with private rituals at shrines and public worship, worship of an emperor also became part of official religion, religions of Asia similar to Rome
Wealth and social status are important on how people live
Government provided free games, races, gladiator contest, etc.
Twelve Tables: In 450 B.C.E the twelve tables were written by the Roman senate in order to concede to the demands of the plebeians. This written set of law gave all Romans the right to a Jury of peers, the right to claim innocence until proven guilty, the right to know the charges held against them, and the right to defend themselves. With the twelve tables there was a semblance of stable government, and being that it was written everybody knew what the rules were and could not twist them. Most importantly the twelve tables were not only a way to keep things fair but also a way to put a stop to the abuse of power (for a time anyway). ~JK&PR & DP
Details on the top ten! 1. Important Roman Rulers
Julius Caesar- General who brought Gaul under Roman control. Last leader of Roman Republic.
Augustus (Octavian)- Founder/first ruler of the Roman Empire. One of the most powerful rulers of his time, yet he lived a very simple and humble life.
Diocletian- Tried to save the Roman Empire by splitting it in half.
2. The life and teachings of Jesus
Jesus borne in Bethlehem in Judea in 4-6 BC, born a Jew and Roman subject, raised in Nazareth in northern Palestine, was a carpenter
He preached, did good works, performed miracles, teachings had many Jewish ideas, believed in one god, 10 commandments, God’s personal relationship, had 12 disciples, main source of knowledge were Gospels and the 4 books of the New Testament of the Bible
Jesus= popular, concerns Jews and Romans, He goes to Jerusalem and people think he is the Messiah, but Jew chief priests deny it calling him blasphemy’s, He gets arrested and nailed to a wooden cross Christ in Greek means Messiah or savior
3. Persecution of Christians- Romans persecute Christians (scapegoats for political/ economic trouble), Nero does this, Pax Romana crumbles and it becomes worse (crucified, burned, put into arena) 4. Important followers of Jesus (apostles)
Peter- First Apostle who later led led the followers of Jesus to spread his teachings throughout Syria and Palestine. He was also the first Pope of the Christian church.
Paul- An apostle who had a vision of Christ and later spread and interpreted Jesus' teachings for the rest of his life
5. Republic-a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by the people 6. Empire- A political unit in which a number of peoples of countries are controlled by a single ruler 7. Pax Romana-A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire lasting from 27 B.C.E. to 180 AD 8. Diaspora- The dispersal of Jews from their homeland in Palestine- especially during the period of more than 1,800 years that followed the Roman's destruction of the temple of Jerusalem in 70 AD 9. Decline of the Roman Republic
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus help Rome poor (get them land)= get killed= period of Civil War
Rise of politically powerful military leaders: Gaius Marius vs Lucious Sulla(wins)
1st Triumvirate: 60 BC Caesar, Pompey and Crassus
Caesar defeats Gaul and becomes popular, refuses to leave despite senate orders from Pompey=Pompey vs Caesar now
Caesar defeats Pompey (chases him through Italy defeats Pompey in Greece, Asia, Spain and Egypt)
Caesar= absolute ruler, grants Roman citizen ship to many, expands senate, helps poor (created jobs- construction of buildings), increases pay for soldiers
Caesar gets killed by senate fearing his growing power
Civil war breaks out after Caesar’s death
2nd Triumvirate: Caesar’s 18 year old grand nephew (Octavian), mark Anthony and Lepidus
2nd Trimuvirate ends with Lepidus retiring (forced), Octavian vs. Marc Anthony, fight in Anatolia, Mark Anthony loves Queen Cleopatra of Egypt, Anthony follows her to Egypt, another Civil war erupts, Octavia defeats Anthony and Cleopatra’s forces in Actium (31 BC), Anthony and Cleopatra commit suicide
Octavia restores republic, restores senate, but was unchallenged ruler of Rome, became “Augusts” (exalted one), and kept title of imperator (supreme military commander- emperor)
10. Roman Achievments
Latin: language of Rome even after it fell, official language of Roman Catholic Church into 20th century, adopted by people and developed into French, Spanish, Italian, Romania (Romance Languages), English
Architecture, Engineering, Technology: arch, dome, Coliseum, Aqueducts (engineers bring water into cities and towns), Thomas Jefferson began Roman revival in US in 18th century- US Capitol has roman feature
Roman roads were technological- vast network of roads
Roman System of Law: lasting contribution
Early Roman law: rights of Roman citizens
Empire grew: laws that apply fair and equally to all people rich and poor), created standards of justice
Principles of law: equal treatment, innocent until prove guilty, burden of proof rests with accuser, persons punished for only actions not thoughts, unreasonable laws should b set aside
Romans influence: preserving and adding to Greek, strengthen western traditions. ~JK&PR & DP
Mini DBQ:
A VOICE FROM THE PAST...
"I had no shield with me but i snatched one from a soldier in the rear ranks and went forward to the front line. Once there, I called to all the centurions by name and shouted encouragement to the rest of the men... My arrival gave the troops fresh hope..."
Julius Caesar, Commentaries
http://www.socialtimes.com.au/colleseum.jpg
Above is a picture of the Colleseum, which was used as an arena for Roman sports and entertainment.
Ancient ROME
(753 B.C.E. - 476 A.D)
PR, DP and JK
Top 10 things to know about Rome!
1. Important Roman Rulers
2. The life and teachings of Jesus
3. Persecution of Christians
4. Important followers of Jesus (apostles)
5. Republic
7. Pax Romana
8. Diaspora
9. Decline of the Roman Republic
10. Roman Achievements
FOR MORE IN DEPTH ON THE TOP TEN LIST SCROLL DOWN~JK&PR & DP
Vocabulary words for Rome...
1)Republic- a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by the people
2)Patrician- wealthy aristocrat (could vote)-upper class, Ancient Rome
3)Plebeian- common farmer, middle class, Rome
4)Tribune- Roma official by plebeians to protect rights
5)Consul- 2 elected to lead army, powerful government leader
6)Senate- government body, aristocrats
7)Dictator- absolute power for limited time
8)Legion- military unit of 5,000 foot soldiers and horses
9)Triumvirate- 3 leaders that control the government
10)Absolute Ruler- ruler with total power
11)Constantine- leader who helped spread Christianity after having the vision of Jesus
12)Heresy- different beliefs than the official Christian church
13)Pax Romana- 27 B.C.E. to 100 AD time of Roman peace and prosperity
14)Gravitas- Roman values of discipline, strength, and loyalty
15)Inflation- a time when prices go up and money value goes down
16)Mercenary- soldier paid to fight in a foreign army
17)Gladiators- slave that become a professional fighter that had to fight until death (Roman entertainment)
18)The Huns- helped bring end to the empire
19)Aqueducts- carried water into cities by channel
20)Jesus- leader of Christianity
21)Apostle- follower of Jesus; spread teachings
22)Peter- first apostle; starts church, first Pope (wrote Epistles of Peter)
23)Paul- disliked Christianity at first;converted then spread teachings later
24)Bishop- head of each individual church
25)Pope- head/father of church (leads Christian church)
~JK&PR & DP
Important Concepts
Republic: A form of government in which power rests with citizens who have the right to vote, to select their leaders. In Rome, patricians were the aristocratic land owners who held most of the power while plebeians were the common farmers, artisans, and merchants which made up the majority of the population. Patricians, being noble, were born into power and thus were able to make laws for Rome and its people. Due to this issue the senate allowed for the plebeians to elect representatives called tribunes so that their opinions could be heard too. Thus both patricians and plebeians could be heard.
Life in Imperial Rome:
- Gravitas- Roman values (things to live by) of discipline strength and loyalty
- Heart of society- family
- Paterfamilias (father): rule household- control property and banish family member
- Roman women: upper class women an household/ had authority, more personal freedom than women in Greece, could own property and testify in court but not vote, lower class women worked jobs
- Romans favored boys of girls
- Slaves: important to economy, property of owners, gladiators
- Gods and Goddesses: numina (divine forces and powerful spirits), Lares (guardian of spirits of each family), took Greek gods and gave them roman names, government and religion are linked, expected to honor them with private rituals at shrines and public worship, worship of an emperor also became part of official religion, religions of Asia similar to Rome
- Wealth and social status are important on how people live
- Government provided free games, races, gladiator contest, etc.
Twelve Tables: In 450 B.C.E the twelve tables were written by the Roman senate in order to concede to the demands of the plebeians. This written set of law gave all Romans the right to a Jury of peers, the right to claim innocence until proven guilty, the right to know the charges held against them, and the right to defend themselves. With the twelve tables there was a semblance of stable government, and being that it was written everybody knew what the rules were and could not twist them. Most importantly the twelve tables were not only a way to keep things fair but also a way to put a stop to the abuse of power (for a time anyway).~JK&PR & DP
Details on the top ten!
1. Important Roman Rulers
- Julius Caesar- General who brought Gaul under Roman control. Last leader of Roman Republic.
- Augustus (Octavian)- Founder/first ruler of the Roman Empire. One of the most powerful rulers of his time, yet he lived a very simple and humble life.
- Diocletian- Tried to save the Roman Empire by splitting it in half.
2. The life and teachings of Jesus- Jesus borne in Bethlehem in Judea in 4-6 BC, born a Jew and Roman subject, raised in Nazareth in northern Palestine, was a carpenter
- He preached, did good works, performed miracles, teachings had many Jewish ideas, believed in one god, 10 commandments, God’s personal relationship, had 12 disciples, main source of knowledge were Gospels and the 4 books of the New Testament of the Bible
- Jesus= popular, concerns Jews and Romans, He goes to Jerusalem and people think he is the Messiah, but Jew chief priests deny it calling him blasphemy’s, He gets arrested and nailed to a wooden cross Christ in Greek means Messiah or savior
3. Persecution of Christians- Romans persecute Christians (scapegoats for political/ economic trouble), Nero does this, Pax Romana crumbles and it becomes worse (crucified, burned, put into arena)4. Important followers of Jesus (apostles)
- Peter- First Apostle who later led led the followers of Jesus to spread his teachings throughout Syria and Palestine. He was also the first Pope of the Christian church.
- Paul- An apostle who had a vision of Christ and later spread and interpreted Jesus' teachings for the rest of his life
5. Republic- a form of government in which power is in the hands of representatives and leaders are elected by the people6. Empire- A political unit in which a number of peoples of countries are controlled by a single ruler
7. Pax Romana- A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire lasting from 27 B.C.E. to 180 AD
8. Diaspora- The dispersal of Jews from their homeland in Palestine- especially during the period of more than 1,800 years that followed the Roman's destruction of the temple of Jerusalem in 70 AD
9. Decline of the Roman Republic
- Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus help Rome poor (get them land)= get killed= period of Civil War
- Rise of politically powerful military leaders: Gaius Marius vs Lucious Sulla(wins)
- 1st Triumvirate: 60 BC Caesar, Pompey and Crassus
- Caesar defeats Gaul and becomes popular, refuses to leave despite senate orders from Pompey=Pompey vs Caesar now
- Caesar defeats Pompey (chases him through Italy defeats Pompey in Greece, Asia, Spain and Egypt)
- Caesar= absolute ruler, grants Roman citizen ship to many, expands senate, helps poor (created jobs- construction of buildings), increases pay for soldiers
- Caesar gets killed by senate fearing his growing power
- Civil war breaks out after Caesar’s death
- 2nd Triumvirate: Caesar’s 18 year old grand nephew (Octavian), mark Anthony and Lepidus
- 2nd Trimuvirate ends with Lepidus retiring (forced), Octavian vs. Marc Anthony, fight in Anatolia, Mark Anthony loves Queen Cleopatra of Egypt, Anthony follows her to Egypt, another Civil war erupts, Octavia defeats Anthony and Cleopatra’s forces in Actium (31 BC), Anthony and Cleopatra commit suicide
- Octavia restores republic, restores senate, but was unchallenged ruler of Rome, became “Augusts” (exalted one), and kept title of imperator (supreme military commander- emperor)
10. Roman Achievments- Latin: language of Rome even after it fell, official language of Roman Catholic Church into 20th century, adopted by people and developed into French, Spanish, Italian, Romania (Romance Languages), English
- Architecture, Engineering, Technology: arch, dome, Coliseum, Aqueducts (engineers bring water into cities and towns), Thomas Jefferson began Roman revival in US in 18th century- US Capitol has roman feature
- Roman roads were technological- vast network of roads
- Roman System of Law: lasting contribution
- Early Roman law: rights of Roman citizens
- Empire grew: laws that apply fair and equally to all people rich and poor), created standards of justice
- Principles of law: equal treatment, innocent until prove guilty, burden of proof rests with accuser, persons punished for only actions not thoughts, unreasonable laws should b set aside
Romans influence: preserving and adding to Greek, strengthen western traditions.~JK&PR & DP
Mini DBQ:
A VOICE FROM THE PAST...
"I had no shield with me but i snatched one from a soldier in the rear ranks and went forward to the front line. Once there, I called to all the centurions by name and shouted encouragement to the rest of the men... My arrival gave the troops fresh hope..."
Julius Caesar, Commentaries
Above is a picture of the Colleseum, which was used as an arena for Roman sports and entertainment.
Above is a map of Ancient Rome that depicts the stages of Roman expansion through the growth of the empire.
~ JK & PR & DP
Check out this web page for info on Pax Romana:
http://regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/goldenages/roman.cfm